Depression is a serious mental health condition that can lead to sadness, fatigue, loss of interest in daily activities, and even suicidal thoughts. While antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat bacterial infections, some studies suggest they might also influence emotional well-being.

Why Do Some People Feel Emotional on Antibiotics?

A 2022 study found that individuals who had taken antibiotics in the previous three months exhibited a stronger emotional bias toward sadness. One reason for this could be the impact of antibiotics on gut health.

How Do Antibiotics Affect Emotions?

• Disrupting the gut microbiome: Antibiotics alter the gut bacteria, which are closely linked to brain function.
• Affecting neurotransmitters: Gut bacteria play a role in producing neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood.
• Influencing inflammation levels: Changes in gut bacteria can lead to increased inflammation, which has been associated with depression.

A 2017 review suggested that probiotics could help counteract mood disturbances by restoring gut bacteria. Participants who took probiotics showed improved mood and reduced anxiety levels, further indicating a connection between the gut and mental health.

Can Antibiotics Actually Cause Depression?

A 2023 review of studies conducted in Sweden and the United Kingdom found a possible association between antibiotic use and the development of depressive symptoms. However, researchers acknowledged that more evidence is needed to establish a clear link.

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics and Psychiatric Effects

The UK government warns that certain antibiotics, particularly fluoroquinolones, may cause psychiatric side effects, including depression and suicidal thoughts. These antibiotics include:

• Ciprofloxacin
• Delafloxacin
• Levofloxacin
• Moxifloxacin
• Ofloxacin

Another study in 2022 highlighted how antibiotics could impact the gut-brain connection. Interestingly, the first-ever antidepressant, isoniazid, was originally an antibiotic that unexpectedly improved mood and energy levels. This suggests that while some antibiotics may negatively impact mental health, others could have positive effects.

Not Everyone Is Affected the Same Way

Not all individuals who take antibiotics experience depression or anxiety. Factors that may influence susceptibility include:

• Pre-existing mental health conditions
• Gut microbiome diversity
• Dosage and duration of antibiotic use
• Overall physical health

When to Seek Help

If you or someone you know is struggling with depression or suicidal thoughts, seek immediate help:

• Call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (USA) at 988.
• Visit 988lifeline.org for online support.
• Text HOME to 741741 to reach the Crisis Text Line.
• If outside the U.S., use Befrienders Worldwide to find helplines in your country.
• Call 911 or local emergency services in case of an immediate crisis.

How Is Depression Treated?

Non-Medication Therapies

Many treatment options are available, and a healthcare professional can help determine the best approach. Common non-medication therapies include:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – Helps identify and change negative thought patterns.
• Psychoanalytic Therapy – Focuses on understanding deep-rooted emotional issues.
• Systemic Therapy – Addresses relational and social factors contributing to depression.
• Light Therapy – Useful for seasonal depression.
• Physical Activity – Regular exercise has been shown to improve mood.
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) – A non-invasive treatment that stimulates brain areas involved in depression.

Medication for Depression

In some cases, medication is necessary to manage depressive symptoms. Doctors may prescribe:

It’s crucial to consult a medical professional before starting or stopping any medication.

Summary

• Antibiotics may influence mental health by disrupting gut bacteria, which play a role in mood regulation.
• Some antibiotics, particularly fluoroquinolones, have been linked to psychiatric side effects, including depression.
• Not everyone who takes antibiotics will experience mood changes, as individual factors vary.
• If you notice depressive symptoms after taking antibiotics, seek medical advice.
• Depression is treatable with therapy, lifestyle changes, and medication when needed.

If you experience depression, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. Mental health is just as important as physical health, and support is available.